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PYQ • 100 Questions
UPSC CSE 2026 GS1 — GS1
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1
Consider the following assertion: *In the Pleistocene period either the Yamuna once flowed into the Indus, or the Sutlej flowed into the Yamuna and one major tributary of either had shifted from the Ganga to the Indus or vice versa.* Which of the following is/are the basis of the above assertion? 1. The *Nadi-Sukta* of the *Rigveda* 2. The explorations of the Sutlej and the Yamuna by Robert Bruce Foote 3. The presence of the same species of dolphins in both the Indus and the Ganga river systems
A.1 only
B.2 only
C.1 and 2
D.3
2
What does an empty seat represent in early Buddhist iconography?
A.The meditation of the Buddha
B.The Buddha's First Sermon
C.The Buddha's *Mahaparinibbana*
D.The Buddha's *Mahabhinishkramana*
3
Which of the following pairs of ancient and modern names of rivers is/are correctly matched? 1. Vitasta : Chenab 2. Asikni : Jhelum 3. Parushni : Ravi 4. Yavyavati : Beas
A.1 and 2
B.3 and 4
C.3 only
D.4 only
4
Which of the following statements on the Amaravati Stupa and its relief sculpture is/are correct? 1. It was located in the lower Krishna valley. 2. In India, it was next only to the Sanchi Stupa in size. 3. The Amaravati school of sculpture made a lasting impact on the later South Indian sculpture, and its products were carried to Sri Lanka and South-east Asia.
A.1 only
B.1 and 3 only
C.2 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3
5
Which of the following factors contributed to the formation of the Forward Bloc by Subhas Chandra Bose in 1939? 1. Bose failed to win the confidence of Mahatma Gandhi. 2. The Congress Left was disunited and failed to support Bose. 3. The Communists did not support Bose in his endeavours. 4. The supporters of M.N. Roy and socialist leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan preferred Congress unity to supporting Bose.
A.1, 2 and 3
B.1, 2 and 4
C.1, 3 and 4
D.2 and 4 only
6
In which one among the following texts does the term *kshetra-patni* ('mistress of the field') originate?
A.*Rigveda*
B.*Atharvaveda*
C.*Ashtadhyayi*
D.*Arthashastra*
7
Which of the following temples has/have a *Nagara*-style *shikhara*? 1. Malegitti Shivalaya, Badami 2. Huchimalligudi Temple, Aihole 3. Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh 4. Virupaksha Temple, Pattadakal
A.1 and 2
B.2 and 3
C.3 only
D.3 and 4
8
The *Hallisalasya* painting in the Bagh Caves represents:
A.A joyous folk dance
B.Buddha in a meditative pose
C.The depiction of Shiva and Parvati on Kailasha
D.Samudramanthan (Churning of the Ocean)
9
Consider the following statements about the archaeological findings in Harappan towns: I. There is wide occurrence of spindle-whorls in the houses but absence of spinning wheels. II. Weights and measurement scales, complete with graduations have been discovered. III. There are houses built in large part with baked bricks, around relatively spacious courtyards, with their own wells, bathing platforms, and large rooms. Which of the following inferences can be drawn from the above statements? 1. Statement I suggests that spinning was a laborious activity done at home. 2. Statement II suggests the extent of the scientific knowledge that the Harappans possessed. 3. Statement III suggests the emergence of a common property system.
A.1 and 2 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3
10
Which one of the following statements about the Eka Movement and Bardoli Satyagraha is correct?
A.The Eka Movement was throughout supported and organized by the Congress while Bardoli Satyagraha was initially independent of Congress influence and was only in the last stages supported by the Congress.
B.The Eka Movement was provided leadership by the *taluqdars* of Awadh, whereas the Bardoli Satyagraha was a movement of the landless labourers.
C.The Bardoli Satyagraha was a campaign against the enhancement of land revenue, while the Eka Movement was a protest against excessive extraction of rents.
D.The Eka Movement was located in the Varanasi and Mirzapur districts of the present-day U.P., while the Bardoli Satyagraha took place in Saurashtra.
11
With respect to the Western Hoolock Gibbons, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. A Sanctuary in North-east India is home to this ape species listed as Endangered in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. 2. They have specialized brachiation and can easily swing between trees. 3. They possess a strong and heavy build like gorillas, yet are remarkably agile tree climbers.
A.1 only
B.1 and 2
C.2 and 3
D.3 only
12
Identify the river of the Indian sub-continent on the basis of the following information: 1. It has an antecedent drainage system. 2. It flows through three countries. 3. It originates in the Tibetan Plateau and is an important river for irrigation. 4. It does not form distributaries.
A.Brahmaputra
B.Indus
C.Sutlej
D.Teesta
13
Which among the following is/are the objective(s) of the Rainfed Area Development (RAD) initiative under the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)? 1. Encouraging monoculture in rainfed areas 2. Increasing rice cultivation in irrigated regions 3. Enhancing productivity and minimising climatic risks through Integrated Farming Systems (IFS)
A.1 only
B.1 and 2
C.2 and 3
D.3 only
14
Which of the following is/are the most significant implication(s) of obtaining Oeko-Tex certification for Eri Silk in the global textile industry? 1. It allows Indian exporters to compete in high-end markets that prioritise chemical-free products. 2. It confirms that Eri Silk meets international safety, environmental, and quality standards, enabling its entry into premium eco-conscious markets.
A.1 only
B.2 only
C.Both 1 and 2
D.Neither 1 nor 2
15
Ships from which of the following countries have to cross the Strait of Hormuz to reach out to the Indian Ocean? 1. Bahrain 2. Syria 3. Qatar 4. Egypt
A.1 and 2
B.1 and 3
C.2 and 3
D.3 and 4
16
The Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany visited India in January, 2026. Which of the following is/are **not** correct in terms of outcomes of this visit? 1. Signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between the All India Institute of Ayurveda and the University of Hamburg 2. Signing of a Memorandum of Understanding on Youth Hockey Development between Hockey India and the German Hockey Federation 3. Establishment of a bilateral dialogue mechanism on the Indo-Pacific 4. Opening of an Honorary Consul of Germany in Lucknow
A.2 and 3
B.1 and 4
C.3 and 4
D.1 only
17
Which of the following statements with regard to the Grand Slam Tennis Tournaments is/are correct? 1. The tournaments have a shared governance structure establishing the partnership among the four Grand Slam tournaments. 2. They are open for entry to all internationally ranked tennis players above the age of 14. 3. There is a limitation on the number of 'Wild Cards' a player may receive to compete in a Grand Slam Tournament.
A.1 and 2 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 only
D.1, 2 and 3
18
Which one of the following pairs of semiconductor plants in India and their locations is **not** correctly matched?
A.CG Power and Industrial Solutions Pvt. Ltd. in partnership with Renesas Electronics and STARS Microelectronics : Gujarat
B.Tata Semiconductor Assembly and Test Pvt. Ltd. : Assam
C.HCL-Foxconn Joint Venture India Chip Ltd. : Madhya Pradesh
D.SicSem Pvt. Ltd. : Odisha
19
Which of the following statements regarding the features of blockchain technology are correct? 1. Records stored in the database may be made visible to relevant stakeholders without risk of alteration. 2. Copies of the entire database are stored on multiple computers on a network, syncing within seconds. 3. Consortium blockchain is a blend of public and private blockchains allowing selective data access. 4. Mathematical algorithms make it impossible to change or delete any data once recorded and accepted.
A.1 and 3
B.2 and 4 only
C.1, 2 and 4
D.1 and 4 only
20
An e-commerce revenue model where the seller has control over pricing but doesn't keep products in stock and instead transfers customer orders and shipment details to a third-party supplier, who then ships the goods directly to the customer, is called:
A.Dropshipping Model
B.Affiliate Revenue Model
C.Transaction Fee Revenue Model
D.Agency Revenue Model
21
Which one of the following correctly represents the three key sub-indices of the Financial Inclusion Index (FI-Index) of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)?
A.Credit access, Insurance depth, and Pension coverage
B.Banking access, GDP contribution, and Financial literacy
C.Access, Usage, and Quality
D.Access, Affordability, and Transparency
22
Which of the following statements about Real-World Assets (RWA) Tokenization are correct? 1. Tokenization is the process of turning real world assets into digital tokens using blockchain technology. 2. Tokenization of real world assets offers 24 × 7 access, promoting financial inclusion. 3. Tokenization of real world assets will allow the access to high growth investment opportunities for individuals in India.
A.1, 2 and 3
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 2 only
D.1 and 3 only
23
Consider the following statements relating to the use of the place-value system in India: 1. The earliest epigraphic use of the place-value system in India is found in the Mankani plates from Gujarat (AD 595 – 596). 2. In the ninth century, place-values become general in inscriptions all over India. 3. The place-values have been found in Sanskrit inscriptions in South-east Asia as early as the seventh century. Which of the statements given above are correct?
A.1 and 2 only
B.1 and 3 only
C.2 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3
24
In what way(s) does the Vizhinjam International Seaport represent a structural shift in India's maritime trade and logistics policy? 1. By functioning exclusively as a domestic cargo hub to reduce reliance on coastal shipping and eliminate the need for foreign collaborations. 2. By focusing primarily on passenger cruise tourism and heritage shipping to increase Kerala's profile as a maritime heritage destination. 3. By leveraging its natural deep draft and strategic location to reduce dependence on foreign trans-shipment ports, enhance revenue retention, and reposition India in regional maritime trade.
A.1 only
B.1 and 2
C.2 and 3
D.3 only
25
Which of the following statements with regard to the arrival of Amur Falcons at Doyang Lake in Nagaland each year from Mongolia is/are correct? 1. It showcases how sustained local conservation efforts can contribute to the arrival and protection of international migratory birds. 2. It reflects the global success of advanced tracking technologies that guide migratory birds back to their stopover sites. 3. It confirms that Amur Falcons have adapted to permanent residency in India due to favourable habitat changes.
A.1 only
B.1 and 2
C.2 and 3
D.3 only
26
The Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) recently introduced a national standard to test and assess bomb disposal system. Which of the following statements with regard to this system is/are correct? 1. The new standard is known as IS 19445 : 2025. 2. It will improve interoperability of equipment across agencies. 3. It was developed by TBRL, DRDO in collaboration with the 30th Central Scientific Research Institute, Russia.
A.1, 2 and 3
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 2 only
D.1 only
27
Consider the following statements with regard to the film 'Boong': 1. The film has recently won the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Award in the Children's and Family Film category. 2. The film is directed by Lakshmipriya Devi. 3. This is the first Indian film to win a BAFTA award in the Children's and Family Film category.
A.1, 2 and 3
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 2 only
D.3 only
28
Which one of the following best describes the key objective of India's 'Open Network for Digital Commerce' (ONDC) initiative?
A.To allow government control over all digital commerce transactions
B.To replace private e-commerce players
C.To break the dominance of large e-commerce platforms by enabling interoperability across networks
D.To mandate UPI-based payments for all online transactions
29
Which one of the following statements about Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and Central Bank Digital Currency (Digital Rupee) is **not** correct?
A.UPI is a real-time payment system but Digital Rupee is akin to sovereign paper currency.
B.In case of UPI, settlement for end users happens instantly as the money gets immediately debited or credited but in case of Digital Rupee, there is no settlement as the wallet balance gets transferred to another wallet.
C.UPI transactions are recorded by banks and reflected in bank statements but in case of Digital Rupee, no data is captured in bank statements as transactions are from one wallet to another.
D.In both the cases (UPI and Digital Rupee), the liability lies with the users and their respective banks.
30
Which one of the following Carnatic music *ragas* is similar to *Raga Bilawal* in Hindustani music?
A.Nat Bhairavi
B.Kamavardhini
C.Hanumatodi
D.Dheera Shankarabharanam
31
Consider the following statements: I. Pali texts contain the first definite references to coins, e.g., *kahapana, nikkha, kamsa,* and *kakanika*. II. The literary evidence from Pali texts is corroborated by archaeological evidence of punch-marked coins from many sites, most of them made of silver. The above statements have been associated with which of the following? 1. Emergence of urban life 2. Transition to money economy
A.1 only
B.2 only
C.Both 1 and 2
D.Neither 1 nor 2
32
Among the four main forms of existence of life recognized in Jainism, which one of the following is **not** included?
A.*Deva* (gods)
B.*Yaksha* (demi-gods)
C.*Manushya* (humans)
D.*Tiryancha* (animals and plants)
33
Consider the following statements about the Rigvedic period: I. Irrigation from wells allowed agriculture to expand away from flood plains and strips on river margins into the present Punjab and Haryana plains having underground water levels reasonably close to the surface. II. Draught-animal power was employed to draw up water out of the wells. Which of the following information support/supports the above statements? 1. There is evidence in the *Rigveda* of the use of *ashma chakra* (stone pulley wheel) and *ahava* (strapped wooden pails) to draw up water. 2. Mention has been made in the *Rigveda* of the use of implements like *parashu/kulisha* (axe) and *datra/sreni* (sickle). 3. There is a history of the use of ox, even before the *Rigveda*, for ploughing the land and pulling the carts.
A.1 and 2 only
B.1, 2 and 3
C.1 and 3 only
D.3 only
34
With reference to Madhav National Park, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It was declared a Tiger Reserve in India in 2025. 2. Sakhya Sagar, which is designated as a Ramsar Site, is situated within this National Park. 3. Its area is shared between Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
A.1 only
B.1 and 2
C.2 and 3
D.3 only
35
Which one of the following statements with regard to the Moidams, built by the Tai-Ahom kingdom and inscribed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, is/are correct? 1. They acted as army fortresses. 2. They were recreation centres of the Royals and Nobles. 3. They were burial grounds of the Royals and Nobles. 4. They were battle drill centres of the Royals and Nobles.
A.1 only
B.1 and 3
C.3 only
D.2 and 4
36
Which of the following statements with reference to Lake Turkana is/are correct? 1. It is the largest desert lake in the world. 2. The lake is situated in South Sudan along the eastern fringe of the Sahara desert. 3. The lake is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is also referred to as the 'Jade Sea'.
A.1 only
B.1 and 3 only
C.2 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3
37
Which one of the following is the first Plan Vivo certified Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) project in India?
A.Uttarakhand REDD+ project
B.ICFRE-ICIMOD Transboundary REDD+ project in North-Eastern Himalayas
C.Khasi Hills Community REDD+ project
D.Sikkim Mamley Kamrang Community REDD+ project
38
Consider the following statements with reference to India's response to climate change: I. India's Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) is a crucial tool for achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. II. India's 4th Biennial Update Report (BUR-4) submitted in December, 2024 recorded around 8% decrease in Greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 over 2019. III. Climate-resilient development necessarily depends on quick and short-term achievement of emission reduction targets. Which of the following relationships among the above statements is/are correct? 1. Statement I is empirically supported by statement II. 2. Statement III contradicts the approach implicit in statement I. 3. Statement I and statement III together establish the premise of long-term sustainability.
A.1 only
B.1 and 2
C.2 and 3
D.3 only
39
Which of the following best explain(s) the rationale for protecting mangrove ecosystems in the context of climate resilience? 1. Mangroves reduce tidal energy and store freshwater, making them ideal sites for paddy cultivation in saline estuarine belts. 2. Their salt-sensitive roots filter seawater, making mangroves key to converting coastal land into freshwater aquaculture zones. 3. By withstanding tidal surges and offering biomass resources, mangroves function both as natural bio-shields and livelihood bases for rural communities.
A.1 only
B.1 and 2
C.2 and 3
D.3 only
40
Which of the following with reference to Indian States is/are **not** correct? 1. Uttar Pradesh shares its boundary with the highest number of other Indian States. 2. Rajasthan shares the longest international border among all Indian States. 3. Sikkim is the only State that shares its boundary with just one other Indian State.
A.1 only
B.1 and 2
C.2 and 3
D.3 only
41
Match List I with List II and select the answer using the code given below the Lists: | List I (INTERPOL Notice) | List II (Description) | |---|---| | A. Silver Notice | 1. To seek information on unidentified bodies | | B. Blue Notice | 2. To collect additional information about a person's identity, location, or activities in relation to a criminal investigation | | C. Black Notice | 3. To provide warning about a person's criminal activities, where the person is considered to be a possible threat to public safety | | D. Green Notice | 4. To identify and trace criminal assets |
A.A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
B.A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
C.A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
D.A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
42
Which of the following statements about DHRUV64 is/are correct? 1. It is the third chip fabricated under the DIR-V Programme with an overall aim to enable the creation of microprocessors for India. 2. It is India's first homegrown 1.0 GHz, 64-bit dual-core microprocessor.
A.1 only
B.2 only
C.Both 1 and 2
D.Neither 1 nor 2
43
Which of the following pairs of the king and his dynasty in early historical Tamilakam is/are **not** correctly matched? 1. Senguttuvan : Chera 2. Udiyanjeral : Chola 3. Nedunjeliyan : Pandya
A.1 and 2
B.2 only
C.1 and 3
D.3 only
44
Consider the following statements regarding the British policy in Awadh immediately after its annexation in 1856: 1. The *taluqdars* were dispossessed of their estates but allowed to retain their arms and forts. 2. A Summary Revenue Settlement was made in 1856 assuming that the *taluqdars* were outsiders. 3. The British believed in taking revenue directly from the peasants by removing the *taluqdars*.
A.2 and 3 only
B.1 and 3 only
C.1, 2 and 3
D.2 only
45
Consider the following assertion: *The genesis of political alliances based on community lay in the very nature of the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms, 1919.* Which of the following statements support/supports the above assertion? 1. Reforms retained and extended the principle of separate electorates. 2. Separate electorates were supposed to counter Indian nationalism, which was growing stronger. 3. Deprived classes rallied around the favours inherent in separate electorates.
A.1 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 2 only
D.1, 2 and 3
46
Pandit Mallikarjun Mansur, the famous classical singer from Karnataka, represented the:
A.Agra Gharana
B.Gwalior Gharana
C.Patiala Gharana
D.Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana
47
The artificially fixed rupee-sterling exchange rate prescribed by the Hilton-Young Commission (1926) was adopted by the British Government for which one of the following reasons?
A.Aiding the flow of remittances from India and maintaining India's creditworthiness
B.Providing support to Indian importers
C.Encouraging export of cotton produce from India
D.Preventing depreciation of the Rupee in terms of gold
48
Tungurahua Volcano, which was declared a Global Geopark by UNESCO in 2025, is situated in which one among the following countries?
A.Ecuador
B.Peru
C.Bolivia
D.Colombia
49
With reference to the climate of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. The climate can be defined as a humid, tropical coastal climate. 2. It receives rainfall from both South-west monsoon and North-east monsoon. 3. Maximum precipitation is between December and May.
A.1 only
B.1 and 2
C.2 and 3
D.3 only
50
Which of the following geographical features or phenomena is/are associated with the Peninsular Block of India? 1. Submergence of parts of the western coast due to tectonic activity 2. Presence of residual mountain ranges such as the Veliconda hills and Mahendragiri hills 3. Deep, V-shaped river valleys formed by fast-flowing rivers
A.1 only
B.1 and 2
C.2 and 3
D.3 only
51
Consider the following statements with reference to the Sagarmala Programme of the Government of India: I. The Sagarmala Programme seeks to achieve port-led economic growth through cost-effective and sustainable coastal infrastructure. II. The success of the Sagarmala Programme is reflected in significant growth in coastal and inland waterway shipping, along with improved global port rankings. III. Sagarmala 2.0 aims to position India as a global maritime innovation hub aligned with Atmanirbhar Bharat and Viksit Bharat 2047 visions. Which of the following relationships among the above statements is/are correct? 1. Statement II validates the effectiveness of the strategies envisioned in statement I. 2. Statement III extends the objectives of statement I by embedding them into a future-oriented innovation framework. 3. Statement I contradicts statement III by focusing only on traditional infrastructure instead of modern innovation.
A.1 only
B.1 and 2
C.2 and 3
D.3 only
52
Consider the following statements about *Rhynchostylis retusa* (Foxtail orchid): 1. It is an epiphytic orchid. 2. The species is endemic to North-east India. 3. It is the State flower of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.
A.1 only
B.1 and 3
C.2 and 3
D.3 only
53
At the United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC) held in June, 2025 in France, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations demonstrated its leading voice on marine and ocean issues, especially on sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for resilient livelihood and "Blue Transformation". Which of the following combinations about the "Four Betters" proposed by FAO for "Blue Transformation" is correct?
A.Better production, better nutrition, better environment and better ocean
B.Better production, better nutrition, better environment and better life
C.Better coral reefs, better nutrition, better environment and better life
D.Better estuaries, better nutrition, better environment and better mangrove vegetation
54
Which of the following statements in relation to NIRANTAR (National Institute for Research and Application of Natural Resources to Transform, Adapt and Build Resilience), a platform of institutions under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, is/are correct? 1. Ecosystem Survey and Analysis is a vertical under this platform, the lead institute of which is Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. 2. Research and Management of Ecosystem Service is a vertical under this platform, the lead institute of which is Central Zoo Authority, New Delhi. 3. Capacity Development Support is a vertical under this platform, the lead institute of which is Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal.
A.1, 2 and 3
B.1 and 3 only
C.2 only
D.3 only
55
'X', born in the UK, was conferred the Nobel Prize in 2025. He was a professor in an American university when this prize was announced. Identify 'X':
A.Michel H. Devoret
B.Richard Robson
C.John Clarke
D.Joel Mokyr
56
Which of the following statements with regard to India's indigenous new high resolution weather model, the 'Bharat Forecast System,' is/are correct? 1. Its objective is to generate forecasts at the Panchayats cluster level. 2. It was developed by IIT Delhi.
A.1 only
B.2 only
C.Both 1 and 2
D.Neither 1 nor 2
57
A bond whose proceeds are used only to finance or refinance a combination of both environmental and social projects is called:
A.Green Bond
B.Social Bond
C.Sustainability Bond
D.Sovereign Bond
58
Which of the following statements about M1xchange's role in Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) financing is/are correct? 1. M1xchange provides collateral based loans to MSMEs. 2. M1xchange facilitates discounting of invoices and Bills of Exchange for MSMEs. 3. M1xchange functions as a credit rating agency for MSMEs.
A.1, 2 and 3
B.2 only
C.2 and 3 only
D.1 only
59
Which one of the following best describes the 'Crowding Out Effect' in the context of fiscal policy?
A.A situation where private investment increases due to increased Government spending
B.A situation where Government borrowing leads to higher interest rates, which reduces private investment
C.A situation where an increase in taxes leads to increased private sector investment
D.A situation where Government spending has no impact on aggregate demand
60
Which of the following statements about Rare Earth Elements (REEs) and Critical Minerals is/are correct? 1. Modern technological innovations including Artificial Intelligence, robotics and space exploration extensively utilise Rare Earth Elements (REEs). 2. China has the highest share in mining of REEs followed by India. 3. The Government of India launched the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) in 2025 to establish a robust framework for self-reliance in the critical mineral sector. 4. Rare Earth Elements are a set of 13 metallic elements.
A.1 and 3 only
B.3 only
C.1, 3 and 4
D.1, 2 and 4
61
Consider the following statements about Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): 1. MPI is calculated using Alkire-Foster methodology. 2. MPI calculated by NITI Aayog has a total of twelve indicators. 3. Maternal Health and Bank Account are common indicators in the MPI of NITI Aayog and MPI of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
A.1 and 2 only
B.1, 2 and 3
C.1 and 3 only
D.2 only
62
Which of the following statements with regard to Large Language Models (LLMs) used in machine learning is/are correct? 1. LLMs assign probabilities to the next possible words and then pick the one with the highest probability. 2. LLMs process data through mathematical optimization to minimise prediction errors. 3. LLMs produce unbiased outputs.
A.1 only
B.1 and 2 only
C.2 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3
63
Which of the following statements about insurance in aviation sector is/are correct? 1. 'Aviation Hull Insurance' covers the physical aircraft, including the body, engine, and on-board equipment. 2. Under the Montreal Convention, adopted in 1999 by over 130 countries, including India, airlines are strictly liable to pay compensation to the family/nominee of every deceased passenger without requiring the family to prove fault.
A.1 only
B.2 only
C.Both 1 and 2
D.Neither 1 nor 2
64
Which of the following statements with regard to genetic medicine is/are correct? 1. Genetic medicines correct/compensate for the faulty genes responsible for disease. 2. Engineered viruses and lipid nanoparticles are used as carriers of the genetic medicine. 3. Genetic medicines alter the entire DNA sequence.
A.1 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 2 only
D.1, 2 and 3
65
Which of the following statements with regard to stealth technology is/are correct? 1. Stealth objects have a very small radar cross-section and are coated with Radar Absorbing Material. 2. Stealth objects can be detected using specific frequencies. 3. Stealth objects are coated with metamaterials to increase the scattering of electromagnetic radiation.
A.1 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 2 only
D.1, 2 and 3
66
Which of the following statements with regard to Black Boxes used in modern aircrafts is/are correct? 1. They carry a beacon emitting red light pulses to facilitate underwater detection. 2. They record both the cockpit voice and flight data. 3. Their memory units are made using either stainless steel or titanium.
A.1 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 2 only
D.1, 2 and 3
67
Which of the following statements with regard to Green Hydrogen is/are correct? 1. It is decarbonized hydrogen obtained from natural gas reforming combined with carbon capture and storage (CCS). 2. It is produced using electrolysis of water with electricity generated by renewable energy. 3. National Green Hydrogen Mission of India aims for abatement of nearly 50 MMT of annual greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.
A.1 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.2 only
D.1, 2 and 3
68
Which of the following statements about Crowdfunding is/are correct? 1. Crowdfunding is solicitation of funds (small amount) from multiple investors through a web-based platform or social networking site for a specific project. 2. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are able to raise funds at lower cost of capital without undergoing rigorous procedures.
A.1 only
B.2 only
C.Both 1 and 2
D.Neither 1 nor 2
69
With reference to different Committees in India, consider the following details: | Sl. No. | Committee | Objective | Organization under which it was formed | |---|---|---|---| | 1. | R.N. Malhotra Committee | Comprehensive reforms of Insurance sector in India | Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India | | 2. | L.C. Gupta Committee | Preparing a roadmap for the introduction of derivatives trading in India | Securities and Exchange Board of India | | 3. | Urjit R. Patel Committee | Preparing a roadmap for reforming bank lending to the Housing sector | Reserve Bank of India | | 4. | Y.H. Malegam Committee | Preparing a roadmap for reforms in Microfinance sector in India | Reserve Bank of India | In which of the above rows are all the details correctly matched?
A.2 only
B.2 and 3
C.1, 3 and 4
D.2 and 4
70
Consider the following statements about the Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: 1. NBFCs cannot accept demand deposits. 2. All the NBFCs operating in India have to be registered with the RBI. 3. NBFCs form part of the payment and settlement system and can issue cheque drawn on itself. 4. Deposit insurance facility of Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) is not available to the depositors of deposit taking NBFCs.
A.1 and 4
B.1, 2 and 3
C.4 only
D.2, 3 and 4
71
Consider the following statements with regard to involvement of private entities in India's space programme: 1. The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) is an autonomous agency formed to facilitate participation of private entities. 2. Agnikul Cosmos launched the world's first flight using 3D-printed rocket engine. 3. Skyroot Aerospace has developed liquid fuel for GSLV.
A.1 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 2 only
D.1, 2 and 3
72
Which of the following statements with regard to drone swarms is/are correct? 1. They use Terahertz band of frequency to communicate with the command centre. 2. Individual drones in the swarm can communicate with other drones in the swarm. 3. GPS Spoofing is a commonly used technique to counter drone swarm attack.
A.1 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 2 only
D.1, 2 and 3
73
Which of the following statements with regard to GenomeIndia Project is/are correct? 1. It is a part of the Human Genome Project. 2. The project is funded by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India. 3. Its primary aim is to build a catalogue of genetic diversity of the Indian population.
A.1 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 2 only
D.1, 2 and 3
74
Which of the following statements with regard to the National Quantum Mission (NQM) is/are correct? 1. It aims at developing intermediate-scale quantum computers with 50 – 1000 physical qubits. 2. Its implementation includes setting up of four Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) in academic and national R&D institutes across India.
A.1 only
B.2 only
C.Both 1 and 2
D.Neither 1 nor 2
75
Which of the following statements with regard to India's Deep Ocean Mission is/are correct? 1. It was launched by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Government of India. 2. Matsya-6000 has been designed to carry 3 people for deep sea exploration. 3. Samudrayaan is a project under this mission.
A.1 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 2 only
D.1, 2 and 3
76
Mr. X, a Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Health, was tasked with implementing a nationwide vaccination programme. He had to ensure that vaccines reach remote rural areas in a timely manner, despite limited resources and logistical challenges. He decided to delegate authority to State health officials while ensuring strict monitoring through real-time data tracking. He also imposed financial penalties on contractors failing to meet deadlines. This action of Mr. X most appropriately reflects which of the following principles of public administration?
A.Esprit de corps
B.Equity
C.Accountability
D.Delegation
77
A District Magistrate is tasked with overseeing the implementation of a new waste management facility in a multi-ethnic district. The project includes setting up a waste sorting facility on land traditionally used by a local tribal community for cultural events. Protests arise from this community, citing cultural and religious significance attached to the land. Additionally, environmental groups raise concerns about potential pollution risks. Which of the following options would be most appropriate for the District Magistrate to do? 1. Initiate dialogue with the tribal community, environmental groups, and the project developers to assess alternative locations or designs for the facility. 2. Stop the project entirely and shift the waste management plant to a remote location, ensuring no impact on the tribal community or environment. 3. Form a high-powered committee comprising legal experts, environmentalists, and local representatives to assess all dimensions of the dispute. 4. Provide financial compensation to the tribal community while continuing with the project at the original location.
A.1, 3 and 4 only
B.2, 3 and 4 only
C.1 and 2 only
D.1, 2, 3 and 4
78
Ms. X, a mid-level civil service official in a State's Urban Development department, is tasked with overseeing the construction of a public infrastructure project. During the implementation, Ms. X comes across confidential information that suggests a senior officer in her department has been favoring a particular contractor in awarding contracts, possibly involving illegal financial transactions. The information is leaked anonymously, but the source is not verified. Ms. X faces a difficult dilemma about how to handle this sensitive issue. The decision involves balancing personal integrity, organizational protocols, and the public interest. Which of the following options for Ms. X would be the most appropriate? 1. Disclose the information to the relevant authorities, such as the head of the department or the Anti-Corruption Bureau, to ensure transparency and accountability. 2. Investigate the matter discreetly, gathering evidence to verify the truth of the information, while keeping it confidential within her department. 3. Address the issue internally, raising it with her senior officer, in a confidential manner to allow for an opportunity for the senior officer to address the concerns.
A.1 and 2 only
B.3 only
C.2 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3
79
Two students of Constitutional law, X and Y, are involved in a discussion. Y mentions that under Article 13 of the Constitution of India, the meaning of 'law' does not include custom or usage. X disagrees and says that the meaning of 'law' under this Article includes custom or usage. Which one of the following statements supports the contention of X?
A.Statutes and the laws made by the Parliament/State Legislature are universally applicable and override customary laws that are practiced regionally.
B.If custom or usage are not included in the meaning of 'law' under Article 13, then practices that are violative of any of the fundamental rights would continue to be practiced.
C.If custom or usage are not included in the meaning of 'law' under Article 13, then it would lead to legal uncertainty and inconsistency in applying the law.
D.Customary laws are inherently flexible and could be invoked to circumvent statutes and the laws of the Parliament/State Legislature.
80
Which of the following statements with regard to the Constitution of India is/are correct? 1. There is no specific Article of the Constitution that names it as the 'Constitution of India'. 2. The Constitution of India repealed any law inconsistent with it that was in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of the Constitution. 3. The Constitution of India came into force on 26th January, 1950 as per the provisions of the Article 394 of the Constitution.
A.1 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3
81
Which of the following statements with regard to Persons with Disabilities in India is/are correct? 1. The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2018 enabled India to fulfil the obligations to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), which it ratified in 2007. 2. Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan, launched in 2015, was a campaign for accessibility for the Persons with Disabilities. 3. The National Divyangjan Finance and Development Corporation (NDFDC) is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
A.2 only
B.2 and 3
C.1 only
D.1, 2 and 3
82
Consider the following statements with regard to the various provisions related to the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in India: 1. Under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India, States have powers to enact provisions for the welfare of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. 2. Under the Income Tax Act, 1961, the Scheduled Tribes residing in scheduled areas are completely exempted from paying income tax on their incomes. 3. As per the Constitution of India, the elected Panchayats may not necessarily have proportional reservation of seats for the SCs and STs but the office of the Chairperson of these Panchayats has to be reserved as per the percentage of their population.
A.1 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.3 only
D.1, 2 and 3
83
Which of the following statements with regard to Starred and Unstarred questions asked in the Parliament of India is/are correct? 1. A starred question is one to which a Member desires an oral answer from the Minister and which is distinguished by an asterisk mark. 2. An unstarred question is one which is not called for an oral answer and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked. 3. Maximum number of 'Starred' questions per Member of Parliament permitted in the list for the day is two. 4. Notice of intention to ask a question shall be given by a Member not more than fifteen days in advance of the day fixed for an answer to the question.
A.1 and 2 only
B.1, 2 and 3
C.3 and 4 only
D.1, 2, 3 and 4
84
With reference to the Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Tenth Lok Sabha, January, 2008), which one among the following is **not** correct?
A.The Committee consists of 30 Members of the Lok Sabha.
B.The Members from the Rajya Sabha are not allowed to be on the Committee.
C.A Minister is not eligible for election to the Committee.
D.The term of office of the Members of the Committee does not exceed one year.
85
Which of the following statements with regard to Mission Sudarshan Chakra is/are correct? 1. It is an indigenous initiative for an extensive air defence and counter-strike capability for India. 2. It includes the Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) Programme of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). 3. The deadline for this Mission is 2035.
A.1 only
B.1 and 2
C.2 and 3
D.1, 2 and 3
86
Which of the following pairs of bridge on the river and the neighbouring country with which India is connected is/are correctly matched? 1. Maitri Setu on the river Feni : Bangladesh 2. Jhulaghat on the river Mahakali : Myanmar 3. Mechi River Bridge on the river Mechi : Nepal
A.1 only
B.1 and 3
C.2 and 3
D.1, 2 and 3
87
Which of the following statements with regard to filing of Zero FIR under the Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, in India is/are correct? 1. It can be filed at any Police Station, irrespective of the area where the offence has been committed. 2. It can be filed only for serious or cognizable offences. 3. It is filed in the form of an Affidavit by the complainant.
A.1 only
B.1 and 2 only
C.1 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3
88
Match List I with List II and select the answer using the code given below the Lists: | List I (Investigative Agency) | List II (Ministry of Government of India under which the agency operates) | |---|---| | A. Central Economic Intelligence Bureau (CEIB) | 1. Ministry of Corporate Affairs | | B. Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) | 2. Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension | | C. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) | 3. Ministry of Finance |
A.A-3, B-1, C-2
B.A-2, B-3, C-1
C.A-3, B-2, C-1
D.A-1, B-3, C-2
89
Which one among the following International Conventions has **not** been ratified by India yet?
A.ILO C122 Employment Policy Convention, 1964
B.ILO C029 Forced Labour Convention, 1930
C.International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, 1990
D.Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 1949
90
Which of the following with regard to the AI Impact Summit, hosted by India in New Delhi (19th – 20th February, 2026) is/are correct? 1. The three Sutras of the Summit are People, Planet and Progress. 2. The Summit Preamble draws inspiration from the Indian Constitution. 3. The principles of the Summit are organized around 7 Chakras.
A.1 only
B.1 and 3 only
C.2 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3
91
Which of the following statements with regard to physical connectivity between India and ASEAN is/are correct? 1. The Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project provides connectivity through Cambodia. 2. The India-Myanmar-Thailand (IMT) Trilateral Highway is operational and seamless. 3. The Agartala-Akhaura Cross-Border Rail Link enhances North-East India's gateway to South-East Asia through Bangladesh.
A.1 only
B.3 only
C.1 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3
92
Match List I with List II and select the answer using the code given below the Lists: | List I (Project supported by India in neighbouring countries) | List II (Neighbouring Country) | |---|---| | A. Mangdechhu Hydro-electric Project | 1. Maldives | | B. Restoration of Stor Palace | 2. Bhutan | | C. Construction of Dickoya Hospital | 3. Afghanistan | | D. Construction of National College of Police and Law Enforcement | 4. Sri Lanka |
A.A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
B.A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
C.A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
D.A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
93
Which of the following Defence hardwares is/are manufactured in India? 1. Su-30 MKI 2. T-90 MK-III 3. Akula Submarine
A.1 only
B.1 and 2
C.2 only
D.1, 2 and 3
94
Which of the following is/are multilateral platform(s) wherein experts, policymakers, civil society and the private sector come together to address all aspects of international migration? 1. Colombo Process 2. Abu Dhabi Dialogue 3. Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD)
A.1 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3
95
Which of the following United Nations Organizations has/have been awarded with Nobel Prize twice? 1. World Food Programme (WFP) 2. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) 3. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 4. International Labour Organization (ILO)
A.1, 2 and 3
B.2, 3 and 4
C.3 only
D.4 only
96
Match List I with List II and select the answer using the code given below the Lists: | List I (UN Peacekeeping Operations) | List II (Mission) | |---|---| | A. UNMIL | 1. Mission in Central African Republic and Chad | | B. MINURCAT | 2. Mission in Liberia | | C. MINUSTAH | 3. Mission of Support in East Timor | | D. UNMISET | 4. Mission for Stabilization in Haiti |
A.A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2
B.A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
C.A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
D.A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
97
Match List I with List II and select the answer using the code given below the Lists: | List I (Centre of BIMSTEC) | List II (Location) | |---|---| | A. Cultural Industries Observatory | 1. NOIDA | | B. Energy Centre | 2. Bengaluru | | C. Centre for Weather and Climate | 3. Colombo | | D. Technology Transfer Facility | 4. Thimphu |
A.A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
B.A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
C.A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
D.A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
98
Which of the following pairs of the Corps of the Indian Army and their Headquarters is/are **not** correctly matched? 1. 3 Corps : Dimapur 2. 4 Corps : Tezpur 3. 14 Corps : Leh 4. 33 Corps : Srinagar
A.1 and 2
B.1 and 3
C.4 only
D.3 and 4
99
Which of the following statements with regard to the Revamped Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA) is/are correct? 1. It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme implemented for the period of 1st April, 2021 to 31st March, 2026. 2. The main objective of the Scheme is to make Panchayati Raj Institutions responsive to the local development needs with focus on people's priorities by leveraging Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 3. The Scheme is funded by the Central Government in totality.
A.1 only
B.1 and 2
C.2 and 3
D.3 only
100
Which of the following countries are members of the European Union (EU)? 1. Belarus 2. Poland 3. Germany 4. Switzerland
A.1 and 4
B.2 and 3
C.1, 2 and 3
D.1, 3 and 4