On the occasion of Gandhi Jayanti, let’s revise the crucial topics related to Gandhiji.

GS 1 – History of India

1. South African Phase (1893–1914)

• Key Institutions: Founding of the Natal Indian Congress (1894), Phoenix Settlement (1904), and Tolstoy Farm (1910).

• Evolution of Methods: Early experimentation with Satyagraha and passive resistance against racial discrimination (pass laws, poll tax, and non-recognition of Indian marriages).

2. Early Indian Movements (1917–1918)

• Champaran Satyagraha (1917): Gandhi’s first civil disobedience movement in India, launched to fight the oppressive tinkathia system (forcing peasants to cultivate indigo on 3/20th of their land).

• Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918): Gandhi’s first hunger strike, fought over the discontinuation of the plague bonus between mill owners and workers, resulting in a 35% wage hike.

• Kheda Satyagraha (1918): Gandhi’s first non-cooperation movement, organized to support farmers who could not pay revenue due to crop failure and drought.

3. Major All-India Mass Movements

• Rowlatt Satyagraha (1919): Reaction against the "Black Act" (detention without trial); marked Gandhi's entry into all-India mass politics.

• Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922): Combined with the Khilafat issue; later withdrawn by Gandhi after the Chauri Chaura incident (1922).

• Civil Disobedience Movement & Salt Satyagraha (1930–1934): Began with the historic Dandi March (Salt March); Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931); participation in the Second Round Table Conference.

• Individual Satyagraha (1940–1941): Limited and symbolic satyagraha launched to affirm freedom of speech against the British war effort (Acharya Vinoba Bhave was the first Satyagrahi).

• Quit India Movement (1942): The "Do or Die" call; marked by a leaderless, spontaneous mass uprising across India.

Essay and Ethics
Gandhian Philosophy and Core Concepts

• Satyagraha: Soul-force or truth-force based on non-violence and passive resistance against injustice.

• Swaraj: Integral self-rule, moral/spiritual self-control, and decentralization (Gram Swaraj).

• Sarvodaya: Universal upliftment and welfare of all.

• Trusteeship: The economic doctrine that the wealthy hold their wealth as trustees for the welfare of society.

• Swadeshi & Khadi: Economic self-reliance, promotion of local cottage industries, and the dignity of manual/bread labor.
  Literature, Journals, and Associations

• Books & Autobiographies: Hind Swaraj (1909), My Experiments with Truth (Autobiography).

• Newspapers/Journals: Indian Opinion (South Africa), Young India, Navajivan, and Harijan.

• Organizations Founded/Associated With: All-India Spinners' Association, All-India Village Industries Association, and Harijan Sevak Sangh.